{"id":9266,"date":"2017-06-27T22:41:10","date_gmt":"2017-06-28T00:41:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lki.lt\/?p=9266"},"modified":"2018-01-26T11:57:56","modified_gmt":"2018-01-26T13:57:56","slug":"archivum-lithuanicum-17","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/archivum-lithuanicum-17\/","title":{"rendered":"Archivum Lithuanicum 17"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Klaip\u0117dos universitetas
\nLietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas
\n\u0160iauli\u0173 universitetas
\nUniversity of Illinois at Chicago
\nVilniaus universitetas<\/p>\n

Vytauto Did\u017eiojo universitetas<\/p>\n

Archivum Lithuanicum<\/em><\/p>\n

Lietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas
\nP. Vilei\u0161io g. 5
\nLT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva<\/p>\n

El. pa\u0161tas \/ e-mail:\u00a0subacius@uic.edu<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

ARCHIVUM LITHUANICUM 17<\/strong>\u00a0(6 MB, PDF)\u00a0<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_tta_tabs][vc_tta_section title=”Redaktori\u0173 kolegija \/ Editorial Board:” tab_id=”1498607887809-7b01086b-7dec17da-4284″][vc_column_text]Prof. habil. dr. GIEDRIUS SUBA\u010cIUS (filologija \/ philology),<\/p>\n

(vyriausiasis redaktorius \/ editor),<\/p>\n

University of Illinois at Chicago<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. BIRUT\u0116 TRI\u0160KAIT\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),<\/p>\n

(vyriausiojo redaktoriaus pavaduotoja \/ associate editor),<\/p>\n

Lietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas, Vilnius<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Habil. dr. ONA ALEKNAVI\u010cIEN\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),<\/p>\n

Lietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas, Vilnius<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. habil. dr. ROMA BON\u010cKUT\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),<\/p>\n

Klaip\u0117dos universitetas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. dr. PIETRO U. DINI (kalbotyra \/ linguistics),<\/p>\n

Universit\u00e0 di Pisa<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. habil. dr. JOLANTA GELUMBECKAIT\u0116 (kalbotyra \/<\/p>\n

linguistics),<\/p>\n

Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt am Main<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. REDA GRI\u0160KAIT\u0116 (istorija \/ history),<\/p>\n

Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Vilnius<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Doc. dr. BIRUT\u0116 KABA\u0160INSKAIT\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),<\/p>\n

Vilniaus universitetas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. habil. dr. BRONIUS MASKULI\u016aNAS (filologija \/ philology),<\/p>\n

\u0160iauli\u0173 universitetas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Doc. dr. JURGIS PAKERYS (filologija \/ philology),<\/p>\n

Vilniaus universitetas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. habil. dr. R\u016aTA PETRAUSKAIT\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),<\/p>\n

Vytauto Did\u017eiojo universitetas, Kaunas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Habil. dr. CHRISTIANE SCHILLER (kalbotyra \/ linguistics),<\/p>\n

Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. dr. WILLIAM R. SCHMALSTIEG (kalbotyra \/ linguistics),<\/p>\n

Pennsylvania State University, University College<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Habil. dr. DARIUS STALI\u016aNAS (istorija \/ history),<\/p>\n

Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Vilnius<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. MINDAUGAS \u0160INK\u016aNAS (kalbotyra \/ linguistics),<\/p>\n

Lietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas, Vilnius<\/p>\n

Vilniaus universitetas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. AURELIJA TAMO\u0160I\u016aNAIT\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),<\/p>\n

Vytauto Did\u017eiojo universitetas, Kaunas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. JURGITA VENCKIEN\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),<\/p>\n

Lietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas, Vilnius[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”TURINYS (CONTENTS)” tab_id=”1498607887862-09167218-b76a17da-4284″][vc_column_text]Archivum Lithuanicum 17<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Straipsniai (Articles)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Birut\u0117 Tri\u0161kait\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

Lietuvi\u0161kas XVII am\u017eiaus pabaigos lai\u0161kas:<\/p>\n

Michaelio Richterio skundas d\u0117l bandomojo pamokslo vertinimo (1698)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ona Aleknavi\u010dien\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

Baltramiejus Vilentas, \u0160teindamo \u0160v. Mikalojaus ba\u017eny\u010dia, Karaliau\u010dius, 1553\u20131587<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Wolfgang Hock<\/em><\/p>\n

Untersuchungen zu Dauk\u0161as Postille \u2013 III .\u00a0Adjektive auf<\/em>\u00a0-us<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Mindaugas \u0160ink\u016bnas<\/em><\/p>\n

Pirmieji lietuvi\u0161ki Kauno pamin\u0117jimai<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Philip Kraut<\/em><\/p>\n

Jacob Grimm und die litauische Sprache \u2013 I.\u00a0Studien und Korrespondenzen<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Giedrius Suba\u010dius<\/em><\/p>\n

Ortografin\u0117 Simono Daukanto \u017eemaiti\u0161ko balsio [\u1eb9] rai\u0161ka<\/p>\n

Istorijoje \u017eemaiti\u0161koje (1828\u20131834): \u2039e, \u0119, i, y\u203a<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Publikacijos (Publications)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Felix Thies<\/em><\/p>\n

Edition und Kommentar des Buchs\u00a0Ruth<\/em>\u00a0aus<\/p>\n

der Bibel\u00fcbersetzung des Johannes Bretke (1589)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Jurgita Venckien\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

Trys lietuvi\u0161ki XIX am\u017eiaus plakatai \u010cikagos Newberry bibliotekoje<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Recenzijos (Reviews)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Jolanta Gelumbeckait\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

Recenzuojama: John M. Frymire,\u00a0The Primacy of the Postils.<\/em><\/p>\n

Catholics, Protestants, and the Dissemination of Ideas in Early Modern Germany.<\/em><\/p>\n

Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions\u00a0<\/em>147, 2010<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Liucija Citavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

Recenzuojama: Arthur Hermann u. a. (hrsg.),<\/p>\n

Annaberger Annalen \u00fcber Litauen und deutsch-litauische Beziehungen<\/em>\u00a022.<\/p>\n

Kristijonas Donelaitis \/ Christian Donalitius 1714\u20131780,<\/em>\u00a02014<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

R\u016bta Lazauskait\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

Recenzuojama: Giedr\u0117 Jankevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, Mikas Vaicekauskas,<\/p>\n

Visagal\u0117 tradicija: Kristijono Donelai\u010dio poemos Metai iliustracijos ir vaizdinis<\/em><\/p>\n

kanonas: Studija = An Omnipotent Tradition: The Illustrations and the Visual<\/em><\/p>\n

Canon of Kristijonas Donelaitis\u2019s Poem Metai: A Study,<\/em>\u00a02013<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Asta Kazlauskien\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

Recenzuojama: Birut\u0117 Kaba\u0161inskait\u0117 (par.),<\/p>\n

Frydrichas Kur\u0161aitis, Lietuvi\u0173 kalbos gars\u0173 ir kir\u010dio mokslas (1849)<\/em><\/p>\n

[Lietuvi\u0173 kalbos tyrimai<\/em>\u00a02], 2013<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Regina Venckut\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

Recenzuojama: Aldona Paulauskien\u0117,<\/p>\n

Svarbesniosios XX am\u017eiaus lietuvi\u0173 kalbos gramatikos,<\/em>\u00a02015<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Eugen Hill<\/em><\/p>\n

Rezension von: Pietro U. Dini,\u00a0Foundations of Baltic Languages,<\/em>2014<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Jan Conrad<\/em><\/p>\n

Rezension von: Helmut Wilhelm Schaller,\u00a0Geschichte der Slawischen<\/em><\/p>\n

und Baltischen Philologie an der Universit\u00e4t K\u00f6nigsberg, 2009<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Darius Stali\u016bnas<\/em><\/p>\n

Recenzuojama: Aldona Pra\u0161mantait\u0117,<\/p>\n

1863 met\u0173 sukilimas ir Katalik\u0173 Ba\u017eny\u010dia Lietuvoje,<\/em>\u00a02014<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vilma \u017daltauskait\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

Recenzuojama: Brigita Spei\u010dyt\u0117,<\/p>\n

Anapus ribos. Maironis ir istorin\u0117 Lietuva,<\/em>\u00a02012<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Diskusijos, ap\u017evalgos, pastabos (Discussions, Surveys,<\/strong><\/p>\n

Notes)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Christiane Schiller<\/em>,\u00a0Dalia Kiseli\u016bnait\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

Ein nehrungskurischer Text im Forschungszentrum<\/p>\n

Deutscher Sprachatlas in Marburg. Das Blatt 30084 Nidden<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ona Aleknavi\u010dien\u0117<\/em>,\u00a0Birut\u0117 Tri\u0161kait\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

In memoriam:<\/em>\u00a0Vincentas Drotvinas (1929\u20132015)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Giedrius Suba\u010dius<\/em><\/p>\n

In memoriam:<\/em>\u00a0Vincas Urbutis (1929\u20132015)[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”Santraukos \/ Summaries” tab_id=”1498607913533-7abd6d3f-ed3b17da-4284″][vc_column_text]Birut\u0117 Tri\u0161kait\u0117
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

EIN LITAUISCHER BRIEF AUS DEM ENDE DES 17. JH.:
\nDIE BESCHWERDE VON MICHAEL RICHTER \u00dcBER
\nDIE BEWERTUNG SEINER PROBEPREDIGT (1698)<\/p>\n

Zusammenfassung<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Der vorliegende Beitrag umfasst die Publikation und Analyse eines zurzeit in den Best\u00e4nden des Geheimen Staatsarchivs Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz zu Berlin (GStA PK: XX. HA Hist. StA K\u00f6nigsberg, EM 138 d, Nr. 573, 2r\u20133v) aufbewahrten Briefes in litauischer Sprache, welcher Ende des 17. Jh. im Herzogtum Preu\u00dfen geschrieben wurde. Diese erst vor einiger Zeit entdeckte handschriftliche Quelle des Litauischen stellt nun das \u00e4lteste bekannte Beispiel formeller Korrespondenz in litauischer Sprache dar. Zugleich geht es hier um das bislang \u00e4lteste Dokument, das den Gebrauch des Litauischen im \u2013 formellen wie privaten \u2013 Briefwechsel \u00fcberhaupt bezeugt.<\/p>\n

Der Verfasser des betreffenden Briefes ist Michael Richter (um 1675 \u2013 nach 1704), damals ein\u00a0sacrosancti ministerii candidatus<\/em>, welcher sich um die freigewordene Stelle des Pfarrers in Plaschken im Amt Tilsit beworben hat. In der Historiographie des litauischen Schrifttums ist dieser Name bisher nie erw\u00e4hnt worden. Der Brief hat weder ein genaues Datum noch eine Orts- oder Adressatenangabe. Die Analyse des Briefinhalts und anderer Dokumente in derselben Archivakte lassen die Annahme zu, dass der Brief wahrscheinlich im Amt Tilsit geschrieben wurde, kurz nach der Probepredigt, die Richter am 8. Juni 1698 in Plaschken gehalten hat. Der am ehesten in Frage kommende Adressat des Briefes ist der Preu\u00dfische Generalsuperintendent und Oberhofprediger, Assessor des Saml\u00e4ndischen Konsistoriums und Theologieprofessor\u00a0primarius<\/em>\u00a0der Universit\u00e4t K\u00f6nigsberg Bernhard von Sanden d. \u00c4. (1636\u20131703).<\/p>\n

In seinem Brief beklagt sich Richter beim Adressaten \u00fcber die unbegr\u00fcndete Kritik, die gegen ihn nach seiner Probepredigt in Plaschken wegen angeblich nicht ausreichender Litauischkenntnisse vorgebracht wurde. Die Gutachter waren der Erzpriester der Tilsitschen Inspektion Friedrich Selle, der Pfarrer der Litauischen Kirche in Tilsit Michael Engel d. J., der Pfarrer von Coadjuthen Johannes Andreas Caesar und die Landsch\u00f6ffen Jacob Heinrich Haupt und Christoph Striestermann.<\/p>\n

Aus dem Briefinhalt wird ersichtlich, warum sich der Verfasser f\u00fcr das Litauische als Briefsprache entschieden hat, obwohl diese Sprache im Herzogtum Preu\u00dfen, wo die Litauer doch nur eine unter mehreren ethnischen Gruppen bildeten, in der formellen Korrespondenz ungebr\u00e4uchlich war: Richter wollte dadurch seine Litauischkenntnisse zeigen und sprachliche Kompetenz unter Beweis stellen. Der auf Litauisch verfasste Brief sollte die Kritik des Gutachterkollegiums zur\u00fcckweisen und ihre Vorw\u00fcrfe auf offensichtliche Art entkr\u00e4ften.<\/p>\n

Die kritischen \u00c4u\u00dferungen der Gutachter hatten zur Folge, dass Richter nicht zum Pfarrer in Plaschken berufen wurde. Der wichtigste Grund f\u00fcr die Ablehnung seiner Kandidatur waren mangelnde Litauischkenntnisse. Sowohl die \u00c4u\u00dferungen der Gutachter als auch die amtlichen Schreiben (darunter auch ein Reskript des Preu\u00dfischen Kurf\u00fcrsten Friedrich III .) zeugen davon, dass die Kenntnisse der litauischen Sprache eines der wichtigsten Kriterien waren, die bei der Beurteilung der Eignung der Bewerber f\u00fcr den Pfarrdienst an litauischen Kirchspielen des Herzogtums Preu\u00dfen eine Rolle spielten.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ona Aleknavi\u010dien\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n

BARTHOLOM\u00c4US WILLENT, PFARRER DER KIRCHE ST. NICOLAUS AUF DEM STEINDAMM IN K\u00d6NIGSBERG 1553\u20131587<\/p>\n

Zusammenfassung<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Angaben zur Amtszeit und Wirkungsst\u00e4tte des evangelisch-lutherischen Pfarrers Bartholom\u00e4us Willent (lit. Baltramiejus Vilentas, ~1525\u22121587) einer Pr\u00e4zisierung unterzogen. In der Literatur zur preu\u00dfischen Kultur- und Literaturgeschichte differieren die Angaben zum Amtsantritt von Willent; genannt werden die Jahre: 1550, 1551, 1554. Uneinheitlich ist auch die Angabe zu Willents Wirkungsst\u00e4tte. In der litauischen Literatur wird in diesem Zusammenhang in der Regel die Kirche St. Nikolaus auf dem Steindamm genannt, in anderssprachigen Schriften die Kirche St. Elisabeth auf dem Sackheim.<\/p>\n

Im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz zu Berlin wurde der \u00e4lteste bisher bekannte Brief von Willent an den Herzog Albrecht von Preu\u00dfen gefunden. Dieser vom 16. Januar 1554 datierende Brief mit der Signatur GStA PK: XX. HA Hist. StA K\u00f6nigsberg, EM 77 b 3, Nr. 56, 1r\u20132v), der in diesem Beitrag erstmals sowohl in Form des Faksimiles als auch in Transskription sowie in \u00dcbersetzung [S. 59\u201365]) publiziert wird, sowie weitere Quellen liefern zus\u00e4tzliche Argumente f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4zisierung der Amtst\u00e4tigkeit von Willent.<\/p>\n

Der oben genannte Brief, der \u00fcber Willents Bed\u00fcrfnisse zu seinem Amtsantritt sowie \u00fcber die D\u00fcrftigkeit seiner Eink\u00fcnfte informiert, und zwei weitere Dokumente \u2013 ein Brief aus dem Jahre 1572 mit dem Hinweis auf eine bereits 19-j\u00e4hrige Amtst\u00e4tigkeit sowie das Vorwort der\u00a0Evangelien und Episteln<\/em>\u00a0(Evangelijos bei Epistolos<\/em>, 1579) mit dem Hinweis auf ein 27-j\u00e4hrige Amtst\u00e4tigkeit \u2013 lassen die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass Willent sein Pfarramt, das er bis 1587 inne hatte, im Jahre 1553 angetreten hat.<\/p>\n

Der oben genannte Brief sowie zwei Dokumente der Generalkirchensynode, die vom 2. bis 24. September 1554 in K\u00f6nigsberg stattfand, zeigen, dass Willent auf das Pfarramt an der zur Altstadt geh\u00f6renden Kirche St. Nikolaus auf dem Steindamm berufen wurde. In dieser Kirche wurde bis zum Jahr 1602 litauischer Gottesdienst abgehalten, die Sackheimer Kirche St. Elisabeth wurde der litauischen Gemeinde erst 1604 zu Nutzung \u00fcbergeben, w\u00e4hrend die Kirche St. Nikolaus die polnische Gemeinde zur Nutzung behielt.<\/p>\n

Obwohl Willent auch unter den Litauern anderer K\u00f6nigsberger St\u00e4dte und Freiheiten Seelsorge betrieb (neben dem Steindamm auch auf dem Sackheim, auf dem Tragheim und auf dem Ro\u00dfgarten), blieb seine Hauptwirkungsst\u00e4tte doch die Steindammer Kirche St. Nikolaus.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Wolfgang Hock
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN DAUK\u0160A\u2019S POSTILLA III:\u00a0U-STEM ADJECTIVES<\/em><\/p>\n

Summary<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The article provides a complete collection of u-stem adjectives in Dauk\u0161a\u2019s 1599\u00a0Postilla<\/em>\u00a0as well as a thorough grammatical description of their declension patterns (simple and definite forms, comparative and superlative degrees both of masculine\u00a0u-<\/em>\u00a0and corresponding feminine\u00a0io-<\/em>adjectives). Special attention is given to two morphological forms that seem to differ from the standard language the nominative plural of the simple masculine adjectives in\u00a0-\u0173s<\/em>\u00a0and the nominative singular masculine of the comparative degree in\u00a0-esn\u012fs<\/em>. The analysis of Dauk\u0161a\u00b4s orthography shows that there is no need to assume a nasal vowel or a sequence of vowel and nasal consonant in these endings. Rather, the characters\u00a0-\u0173<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0-\u012f<\/em>\u00a0represent [u(\u02d0)] and [i(\u02d0)] in the position before a sibilant sound. Since vowel quantity is not marked in Dauk\u0161a\u00b4s spelling system, the endings\u00a0-\u0173s<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0-\u012fs<\/em>\u00a0(in\u00a0-esn\u012fs<\/em>) can be equated with\u00a0-\u016bs<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0-is<\/em>of the standard language. In the case of\u00a0-esn\u012fs<\/em>\u00a0there may be an additional (graphical) influence of the preceding nasal consonant.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Mindaugas \u0160ink\u016bnas
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

THE FIRST REFERENCES TO THE LITHUANIAN CITY NAME\u00a0KAUNAS<\/em><\/p>\n

Summary<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The first Lithuanian book containing the city name\u00a0Kaunas<\/em>\u00a0(in a Lithuanian form) was\u00a0Postilla<\/em>\u00a0by Mikalojus Dauk\u0161a, printed in 1599. This toponym was included in a note in the section for\u00a0Errata<\/em>. It supplies noteworthy dialectological data: forms like the conjunction\u00a0bat<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0a\u0129ti<\/em>\u00a0are characteristic of the speech of Kaunas boatmen, traders, and \u201cother scapegraces\u201d (of a low strata of society), and therefore unusable. These forms were used at the beginning of\u00a0Postilla<\/em>, sent to the printer earlier in 1595. The forms\u00a0bat<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0a\u0129ti<\/em>were traits not merely of Kaunas laborers\u2019 speech, but of Dauk\u0161a\u2019s native dialect as well. Later on Dauk\u0161a rejected them. The linguistic note was added to explain the reason the language in the initial part of\u00a0Postilla<\/em>\u00a0was to be corrected.<\/p>\n

The second appearance of the toponym\u00a0Kaunas<\/em>\u00a0is known from the\u00a0Grammatica Litvanica<\/em>\u00a0by Danielius Kleinas, printed in 1653.\u00a0Kaunas<\/em>\u00a0was mentioned twice: among the exceptions to the rule that defines the gender of nouns and in an example that illustrates a mode of spatial expression (ke\u0142auju ing Kauna<\/em>\u00a0\u2018I travel to Kaunas\u2019). In another grammar by Klein,\u00a0Compendium Litvanico-Germanicum<\/em>(1654), the first known Lithuanian form of naming a denizen of Kaunas is given (Kaun\u00f3nis<\/em>).<\/p>\n

An inscription in the oath that was sworn in Til\u017e\u0117 (Tilsit) by the war refugee Gustien\u0117 Ma\u010diulaitien\u0117, a widow from Kaunas, is held to be the third dated (1656) reference to the Lithuanian form of\u00a0Kaunas<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The toponym\u00a0Kaunas<\/em>\u00a0was included in Lithuanian dictionaries of Lithuania Minor starting in the mid-seventeenth century: the oldest of the undated manuscripts was\u00a0Lexicon Lithuanicum<\/em>. Lexicographers entered Kaunas into their dictionaries along with Lithuanian Minor\u2019s other important trade and cultural centers.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Philip Kraut
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

JACOB GRIMM AND THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE. \u2013<\/p>\n

I. STUDIES AND CORRESPONDENCE<\/p>\n

Summary<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

This article summarizes Jacob Grimm\u2019s research on the Baltic languages and cultures, Lithuanian in particular. Although Grimm never published an exclusive textbook on this subject, throughout his life he researched the genetic relationship between Lithuanian and the Germanic and Slavonic languages and certain aspects of Baltic literature and culture. The starting point for his interest was his reading of Rasmus Kristian Rask\u2019s\u00a0Unders\u00f6gelse om det gamle Nordiske eller Islandske Sprogs Oprindelse<\/em>\u00a0(Kopenhagen 1818). In 1822, in his new edition of the\u00a0Deutsche Grammatik<\/em>, he also used Lithuanian as a cognate language to establish the First Germanic Sound Shift, which became famous as\u00a0Grimm\u2019s law<\/em>. At this time, Grimm\u2019s interest in Baltic languages also became apparent in his scholarly correspondence with the important German philologists Georg Friedrich Benecke and Karl Lachmann, in which he discussed issues of Lithuanian and the Old Prussian language and related specialist literature. As early as 1824, Grimm drew attention to a possible closer genetic relationship between the Baltic, Slavonic, and Germanic languages. Thanks to his rich annotations in his Lithuanian books, one can observe that Grimm read and understood Lithuanian fluently. The East Prussian promoters and collectors of\u00a0Volkspoesie<\/em>, Ferdinand Gottschalk and Cornelius Roose, wrote letters to Jacob Grimm that are published in this article for the first time, and also sent him collections of Lithuanian\u00a0Volkspoesie<\/em>. Jacob Grimm received contemporary baltistic specialist literature by Friedrich Kurschat, Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann, and August Schleicher. The results of Grimm\u00b4s Baltic studies were published, e.g., in his Deutsche Grammatik or in reviews. When he began work on the\u00a0Deutsches W\u00f6rterbuch<\/em>\u00a01851\/52, he was able to participate at a high level in baltistic specialist discourse.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Giedrius Suba\u010dius
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

ORTHOGRAPHIC RENDERINGS
\nOF SIMONAS DAUKANTAS\u2019 LOWLAND SOUND [\u1eb9]
\nIN HISTORY OF THE LOWLANDS (1828\u20131834): \u2039e, \u0119, i, y\u203a<\/p>\n

Summary<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1. Simonas Daukantas\u2019 (1793\u20131864) Lithuanian manuscript\u00a0History of the Lowlands<\/em>\u00a0(ISTORYJE \u01b5EMAYTYSZKA<\/em>; LLTIB : f. 1 \u2013 SD 2) of over a thousand pages was composed in R\u012bga (Latvia). Its orthography was of extreme diversity, one of the most diverse texts in the history of 19th-century Lithuanian. This article deals exclusively with the orthographic expression of Daukantas\u2019 native dialectal sound [\u1eb9] (pronounced between [i] and [e]) of the Northwestern Lowlands. Daukantas marked the position of the sound [\u1eb9] by\u00a0four main characters<\/em>: \u2039e, \u0119, i, y\u203a.<\/p>\n

2. The orthography of [\u1eb9] partially diverged in\u00a0stems (roots)<\/em>\u00a0and in\u00a0endings<\/em>. In stems, mainly three graphemes \u2039i, \u0119, y\u203a competed (the fourth, \u2039e\u203a, occasionally occurred as well). In endings, the competition was among other three graphemes: \u2039e, \u0119, y\u203a. Thus, the letter \u2039i\u203a was mainly reserved for the stems, and the letter \u2039e\u203a for the endings (with rare exceptions).<\/p>\n

3. In stems, three major orthographic\u00a0turning points<\/em>\u00a0of the sound [\u1eb9] occurred: (1) \u2039\u0119, y\u203a \u2192 \u2039i\u203a about f. 15v\u201317v (partial); (2) \u2039i\u203a \u2192 \u2039y\u203a f. 32v; (3) \u2039y\u203a \u2192 \u2039i\u203a f. 419r. The turning points in endings are quite alike to those of the stems, even if they do not match exactly: (1) \u2039\u0119, e\u203a \u2192 \u2039e\u203a f. 13r\u201315r (partial); (2) \u2039e\u203a \u2192 \u2039\u0119, y\u203a f. 31r (partial); (3) \u2039\u0119, e, y\u203a \u2192 \u2039\u0119, e\u203a f. 421v. There are, however, significant differences in the two segments of the manuscript, where the letter \u2039y\u203a was used in endings instead of other graphemes in stems: (1) \u2039y\u203a intensification f. 31r\u2013 43r and (2) \u2039y\u203a resuscitation f. 319r\u2013421r.<\/p>\n

4. These three turning points (based on the stem usage) divide the manuscript into four unequal sections: (1) up to f. 15v\u201317v (~30\u201334 p.); (2) from f. 15v\u201317v to f. 32r (~30\u201334 p.); (3) f. 32v\u2013418v (~772 p.); (4) f. 419r\u2013551r (~264 p.).<\/p>\n

5. Dominant characters used in those four sections were as follows (by stems and endings):
\nStems: \u2039i, \u0119, e\u203a (Section 1); \u2039i, y, \u0119\u203a (Section 2); \u2039i, y\u203a (Section 3); \u2039i\u203a (Section 4);
\nEndings: \u2039\u0119, e\u203a (Section 1); \u2039\u0119, e\u203a (Section 2); (\u2039y, \u0119\u203a), \u2039\u0119, e\u203a, (\u2039\u0119, y, e\u203a) (Section 3); \u2039e, \u0119\u203a (Section 4).
\nThe four sections\u2019 most salient features are: (1) the spread of the innovative \u2039\u0119\u203a in stems; (2) the declining usage of \u2039\u0119\u203a in stems; (3) the penetration of old Vilnius orthography (before 1828) with \u2039y\u203a; (4) the ultimate rejection of old Vilnius orthography with \u2039y\u203a.<\/p>\n

6. The graphic expression of [\u1eb9] in endings can be grouped into at least three types:
\n(1) praes. 3: usually \u2039\u0119\u203a (sak\u0119<\/strong><\/em>\u00a037r;\u00a0turiej\u0119<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0430r), with the peripheral variant \u2039e\u203a (sake<\/strong><\/em>\u00a04r;\u00a0turieje<\/strong><\/em>\u00a07v), but not \u2039y\u203a;
\n(2) closed syllable endings (a) part. praet. act. nom. sg. m. and (b) gen. sg. f.: usually \u2039\u0119s\u203a (gaw\u0119<\/strong>s<\/em>\u00a09r;\u00a0weinib\u0119<\/strong>s<\/em>\u00a0430r) competed with \u2039es\u203a (gawe<\/strong>s<\/em>\u00a0430v;\u00a0weinibe<\/strong>s<\/em>\u00a0428r), but the ending with \u2039ys\u203a was almost absent;
\n(3) certain open syllable endings in two special segments acquired \u2039y\u203a (during \u2039y\u203a intensification f. 31r\u201343r and \u2039y\u203a resuscitation f. 319r\u2013421r periods): 1) iness. pl. (kurios\u0119<\/strong><\/em>\u00a011r;\u00a0kuriosy<\/strong><\/em>\u00a037v;\u00a0kuriose<\/strong><\/em>44v); 2) acc. sg. f. (kure<\/strong><\/em>\u00a016r;\u00a0kur\u0119<\/strong><\/em>\u00a045r;\u00a0kury<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0411r); 3) instr. sg. f. (galib\u0119<\/strong><\/em>\u00a08v;\u00a0galiby<\/strong><\/em>\u00a042v;\u00a0galibe<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0425r); 4) nom. sg. f. (did\u016fmeny<\/strong><\/em>\u00a038v;\u00a0did\u016fmen\u0119<\/strong><\/em>\u00a042v;\u00a0did\u016fmene<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0408v); 5) gen. sg. m. (niekoke<\/strong><\/em>\u00a017r;\u00a0niekoky<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0401v;\u00a0niekok\u0119<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0430v); 6) iness. sg. (kurem\u0119<\/strong><\/em>\u00a03v;\u00a0kuremy<\/strong><\/em>41v;\u00a0kureme<\/strong><\/em>\u00a046v); 7) nom. pl. (du.) (wien\u0119<\/strong><\/em>\u00a05v;\u00a0wieny<\/strong><\/em>\u00a039v;\u00a0wiene<\/strong><\/em>47r).<\/p>\n

7. Daukantas composed sections 1\u20132 in an obviously newer orthography than he had used in 1827 and maybe in 1828. This confirms that Daukantas was writing his surviving clean copy ofHistory of the Lowlands<\/em>\u00a0in a consecutive way, from the beginning to the end (not blending together fragments composed in different time periods). This allows me to narrow down the time Daukantas\u2019s clean copy of\u00a0History of the Lowlands<\/em>\u00a0was initiated: not before 1828. And a copy of this manuscript in Juozapas Butavi\u010dius\u2019s hand was started in at least 1834. Thus, Daukantas\u2019s surviving manuscript of\u00a0History of the Lowlands<\/em>\u00a0is to be dated 1828\u20131834.<\/p>\n

8. The usage of old Vilnius orthography with \u2039y\u203a [\u1eb9] suggests a former lost draft copy. The segments in the third section that were characterized by the grapheme \u2039y\u203a may be hypothetically explained by the strong influence of that draft manuscript, which may have been written before 1827\u20131828.<\/p>\n

9. The broad variation of expression in\u00a0History of the Lowlands<\/em>may have been due Daukantas\u2019s\u00a0indecisiveness<\/em>. For one, in R\u012bga, after the influence of Polish orthography on him had declined, Daukantas must have determined to preclude certain of its features, among other things, to abandon \u2039y\u203a [\u1eb9]. And then, the orthography of East Prussian Lithuanian texts, in particular the writings of Kristijonas Donelaitis, had enthralled him. A certain vacuum of orthography was formed by Daukantas: he neither completely rejected his old orthography, nor developed a clear sense of the new spellings he wanted. Without making firm decisions, Daukantas was further copying tens and hundreds of pages of his\u00a0History of the Lowlands<\/em>, coloring them with unexpected variations in orthography.<\/p>\n

10. Another reason for Daukantas\u2019s orthographic variation must have been lack of motivation. He spoke and read in at least eight languages, so he must have been aware of the advantages of orthographic uniformity. But the development of orthography was not his first priority. He wanted to make an impression with the enormity of his volume, to announce a\u00a0political message<\/em>\u00a0of the creation Lithuania\u2019s history in Lithuanian, written, by the way, in his calligraphic longhand. Daukantas probably did not foster the hope his manuscript would ever be printed, so to fulfill the desire of its rare tentative readers for convenient orthography was not among his main goals. There was no ideology of orthographic uniformity present.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Jurgita Venckien\u0117
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

THREE LITHUANIAN POSTERS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AT THE NEWBERRY LIBRARY IN CHICAGO<\/p>\n

Summary<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The collection of books of Lithuanian and Old Prussian interest printed before 1904 at Chicago\u2019s Newberry Library were cataloged by Giedra Suba\u010dien\u0117 and Giedrius Suba\u010dius (NEWBERRY LITUANICA<\/em>) in 1999. In 2005, during my visit with Prof. Giedrius Suba\u010dius to the Newberry Library, Dr. Paul Gehl, a curator of the John M. Wing Foundation on the History of Printing, showed us three uncataloged small Lithuanian prints of the nineteenth century: (1)\u00a0Ro\u017aanczius apej Szwencziausiejen Pana Marija yr Pona Jezusa<\/em>, WILNIU\u00cf, Kasztu ir \u0142ocnostys Mauryca Orgelbranda, Spaustuwie Giesecke & Devrient\u2019a, Lipsk\u00ef, [1859]; (2)\u00a0Szkaplerius Szwencziausios Panos Marijos<\/em>, WILNIU\u00cf, Kasztu ir \u0142ocnostys Mauriciusza Orgelbranda, Spaustuwie Giesecke & Devrient\u2019a, Lipsk\u00ef, [1859]; (3)\u00a0B\u0142agas\u0142owieimas Dwasiszkasis namun<\/em>, Kasztas ir \u0142ocnostys Mauriciusza Orgelbranda Wilnuje, Spaustuwie F. A. Brockhausa, Lipskuj [185?]. These posters bear witness to the mid-nineteenth century religious brotherhoods in Lithuania printing their publications in Lithuanian.<\/p>\n

The posters\u00a0Ro\u017aanczius apej Szwencziausiejen Pana Marija yr Pona Jezusa<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0Szkaplerius Szwencziausios Panos Marijos<\/em>\u00a0might have been translated from analogously titled Polish posters. It is highly probable that both publications were prepared by the same compiler \u2013 an unknown Lowlander (Samogitian), trying to write in a different dialect than his own, i.e., a Highlander dialect. His orthography proves that he often referred to\u00a0Kalbr\u0117da lie\u017euvio \u017eemaiti\u0161ko<\/em>\u00a0(1832), the Lithuanian grammar by Kalikstas Kasakauskis.<\/p>\n

The third poster,\u00a0B\u0142agas\u0142owieimas Dvasiskasis namun<\/em>, was previously known only from secondary sources. This makes the copy preserved at the Newberry Library unique. The poster revealed an unknown publisher and the place of publication:\u00a0B\u0142agas\u0142owieimas Dvasiskasis namun<\/em>\u00a0was published by Orgelbrand at the Brockhaus printing-house in Leipzig. Most probably it was printed at the end of the sixth or the beginning of the seventh decade of the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n

It is plausible to assume that\u00a0B\u0142agas\u0142owieimas Dwasiszkasis namun<\/em>\u00a0might have been compiled on the basis of the Polish poster\u00a0B\u0142ogos\u0142awie\u0144stwo duchowne domu<\/em>\u00a0(printed before 1858, before 1860, and in 1862), but was not translated in full. The spelling and the number of Highlander and Lowlander features in the texts of\u00a0B\u0142agas\u0142owieimas Dwasiszkasis namun<\/em>\u00a0(the Catechism, the extract from John\u2019s Gospel, and four prayers) is very diverse. Most likely the poster was prepared by six different authors or the texts were taken from six different sources.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_tabs][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Septynioliktas tomas<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9267,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9266","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archivum-lithuanicum"],"permalink_manager":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9266","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9266"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9266\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10509,"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9266\/revisions\/10509"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9267"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9266"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9266"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9266"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}