{"id":9257,"date":"2017-06-27T22:20:26","date_gmt":"2017-06-28T00:20:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lki.lt\/?p=9257"},"modified":"2017-06-27T22:20:26","modified_gmt":"2017-06-28T00:20:26","slug":"archivum-lithuanicum-14","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lki.lt\/en\/archivum-lithuanicum-14\/","title":{"rendered":"Archivum Lithuanicum 14"},"content":{"rendered":"

This page is only available in Lietuvi\u0173<\/a>. <\/p>

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Klaip\u0117dos universitetas
\nLietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas
\n\u0160iauli\u0173 universitetas
\nUniversity of Illinois at Chicago
\nVilniaus universitetas
\nVytauto Did\u017eiojo universitetas<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Archivum Lithuanicum\u00a0Lietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas
\nP. Vilei\u0161io g. 5
\nLT-10308, Vilnius, Lietuva
\nEl. pa\u0161tas \/ e-mail:\u00a0subacius@uic.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

ARCHIVUM LITHUANICUM 14<\/strong>\u00a0(4 MB, PDF)\u00a0<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_tta_tabs][vc_tta_section title=”Redaktori\u0173 kolegija \/ Editorial Board:” tab_id=”1498607887809-7b01086b-7deccb8f-8171″][vc_column_text]Prof. habil. dr. GIEDRIUS SUBA\u010cIUS (filologija \/ philology),
\n(vyriausiasis redaktorius \/ editor),
\nUniversity of Illinois at Chicago,
\nLietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas, Vilnius<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Habil. dr. ONA ALEKNAVI\u010cIEN\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),
\nLietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas, Vilnius<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. habil. dr. ROMA BON\u010cKUT\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),
\nKlaip\u0117dos universitetas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. dr. PIETRO U. DINI (kalbotyra \/ linguistics),
\nUniversit\u00e0 di Pisa<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. habil. dr. JOLANTA GELUMBECKAIT\u0116 (kalbotyra \/ linguistics),
\nJohann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt am Main<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. REDA GRI\u0160KAIT\u0116 (istorija \/ history),
\nLietuvos istorijos institutas, Vilnius<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Doc. dr. BIRUT\u0116 KABA\u0160INSKAIT\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),
\nVilniaus universitetas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. habil. dr. R\u016aTA MARCINKEVI\u010cIEN\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),
\nVytauto Did\u017eiojo universitetas, Kaunas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. habil. dr. BRONIUS MASKULI\u016aNAS (filologija \/ philology),
\n\u0160iauli\u0173 universitetas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Doc. dr. JURGIS PAKERYS (filologija \/ philology),
\nVilniaus universitetas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Habil. dr. CHRISTIANE SCHILLER (kalbotyra \/ linguistics),
\nHumboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. dr. WILLIAM R. SCHMALSTIEG (kalbotyra \/ linguistics),
\nPennsylvania State University, University College<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. MINDAUGAS \u0160INK\u016aNAS (kalbotyra \/ linguistics),
\nLietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas, Vilnius<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. AURELIJA TAMO\u0160I\u016aNAIT\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),
\nVytauto Did\u017eiojo universitetas, Kaunas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. BIRUT\u0116 TRI\u0160KAIT\u0116 (kalbotyra \/ linguistics),
\nLietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas, Vilnius<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. JURGITA VENCKIEN\u0116 (filologija \/ philology),
\nLietuvi\u0173 kalbos institutas, Vilnius[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”TURINYS (CONTENTS)” tab_id=”1498607887862-09167218-b76acb8f-8171″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Archivum Lithuanicum 14<\/strong><\/em><\/div>\n
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Straipsniai (Articles)
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Wolfgang Hock
\nUntersuchungen zu Dauk\u0161as Postille \u2013 I. Doppelungen<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lina Plau\u0161inaityt\u0117, Vilma Zubaitien\u0117
\nJok\u016bbo Brodovskio \u017eodyno papildymai: kitakilmi\u0173 \u017eod\u017ei\u0173 grup\u0117 i\u0161 Belemnono \u017eodyno (1728)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Birut\u0117 Tri\u0161kait\u0117
\nFriedricho Selle\u2019s priera\u0161ai rankra\u0161tiniame \u017eodyne Clavis Germanico-Lithvana<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Giedrius Suba\u010dius
\nLietuvi\u0173 kalbos balsi\u0173 ab\u0117c\u0117l\u0117s tvarka ir netvarka: istorija ir n\u016bdiena<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Jurgita Venckien\u0117
\nJono Ma\u010diulio-Maironio ra\u0161t\u0173 ra\u0161yba ir kalba: Jauniaus sek\u0117jo dinamika<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nerijus \u0160epetys
\nKalbos norminimas soviet\u0173 Lietuvoje: institucijos, ideologija, mokslas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Reda Gri\u0161kait\u0117
\nEmilijos Beniovskyt\u0117s-Vrublevskien\u0117s (Emilia z Beniowskich Wr\u00f3blewska, 1830-10-05\u20131886-12-23) dienora\u0161\u010diai (1850-08-05\u20131886-09)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Publikacijos (Publications)<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

William R. Schmalstieg
\nJ\u0101nis Endzel\u012bns\u2019 Letter of March 28, 1960<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Recenzijos (Reviews)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

K\u0119stutis Daugirdas
\nRecenzuojama: Wojciech Kriegseisen, Die Protestanten in Polen-Litauen (1696\u20131763). Rechtliche Lage, Organisation und Beziehungen zwischen den evangelischen Glaubensgemeinschaften, 2011<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

William R. Schmalstieg
\nReview of: Vilma Zubaitien\u0117, Pilypo Ruigio Littauisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Littauisches Lexicon (1747): \u0160altiniai ir leksikografinis metodas, 2010<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Anna Helene Feulner
\nRezension von: Vilija Gerulaitien\u0117 (par.), Teodoras Lepneris, Pr\u016bs\u0173 lietuvis \/ Teodor Lepner, Der Preusche Littau, 2011<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Christiane Schiller
\nRezension von: Liucija Citavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117 (par.), Martynas Liudvikas R\u0117za, Ra\u0161tai 1, 2011<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Birut\u0117 Kaba\u0161inskait\u0117
\nRecenzuojama: Juozas Karaciejus (par.), Contiones Lituanicae. XVIII a. prad\u017eios pamokslai, 2008<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Roma Bon\u010dkut\u0117
\nRecenzuojama: Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabr\u0117\u017ea, Taislius augyminis I\u2013223, 2009;
\nDomas Kaunas, Bibliotheca Georgii Comitis de Plater. Jurgio Platerio biblioteka \u2013 Lietuvos knygos kult\u016bros ir mokslo paminklas, 2012<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Roma Bon\u010dkut\u0117, Aurelija Tamo\u0161i\u016bnait\u0117
\nRecenzuojama: Domas Kaunas ir Audron\u0117 Matijo\u0161ien\u0117 (par.), \u201eAuszros\u201c archyvas. Martyno Jankaus rinkinys, 2011<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Aist\u0117 Ku\u010dinskien\u0117
\nRecenzuojama: Mikas Vaicekauskas, Motiejaus Valan\u010diaus u\u017era\u0161\u0173 ir atsiminim\u0173 rankra\u0161\u010diai Lietuvi\u0173 mokslo draugijoje. 1911\u20131914 met\u0173 istorija, 2009<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Darius Stali\u016bnas
\nApie kai kurias istorijos mokslo disertacijas, skirtas lietuvi\u0173 tautiniam jud\u0117jimui, apgintas u\u017esienio mokslo \u012fstaigose: Tomo Balkelio (2009) ir Audron\u0117s Janu\u017eyt\u0117s (2005) darbai ir j\u0173 kontekstas<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Diskusijos, ap\u017evalgos, pastabos (Discussions, Surveys, Notes)<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Aurelija Tamo\u0161i\u016bnait\u0117
\nLai\u0161k\u0173 duomen\u0173 baz\u0117s, tekstynai ir duomenynai: u\u017esienio perspektyva<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

J\u00fcrg Fleischer, Florian Sommer
\nLitauische Materialien im Archiv des Forschungszentrums Deutscher Sprachatlas Marburg<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u017davinta Sidabrait\u0117
\n\u201eGlobali Baltija: ateinantys 20 met\u0173\u201c: Baltijos studij\u0173 pa\u017eangos asociacijos konferencija \u010cikagoje<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lidia Federica Mazzitelli
\nThe First Berlin Summer School in Lithuanian Studies (Erste Berliner Sommerschule zur Lituanistik) at the Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10.\u201314. September, 2012[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”Santraukos \/ Summaries” tab_id=”1498607913533-7abd6d3f-ed3bcb8f-8171″][vc_column_text]Wolfgang Hock
\nRESEARCH IN DAUK\u0160A\u2019S POSTILLE 1: DOPPELUNG
\nSummary<\/p>\n

The German term \u2018Doppelung\u2019 refers to the occurence of two (seldom three) semantically equivalent words or phrases in a translated text that correspond to a single word in the source document. Subject of the present article are correspondences of this type between Dauk\u0161a\u2019s Po\u017ftilla Catholicka (DaP, 1599) and Wujek\u2019s Po\u017ftilla Catholicka Mniey\u017fza (W\u00b3, 1590). The cases in question are collected as completely as possible and analysed linguistically. The linguistic description encompasses formal and semantic aspects such as presence or absence of conjunction, type of conjunction, distribution and the nature of the semantic equivalence. It turns out that the linguistic term \u2018synonymy\u2019 is too narrow to cover the whole range of semantic relations between the members of the equivalences in question.
\nArguments are provided for the view that this kind of equivalence is neither an exclusive feature of Dauk\u0161a\u2019s language nor of Old Lithuanian or of translated texts. Rather, it reflects the extensive use of one of the most central Renaissance figures of speech, \u2018synonymia\u2019 (also called \u2018interpretatio\u2019 or \u2018paraphrasis\u2019). The key role of this figure in the 16th century can be traced to the pre-eminence of one textbook, De copia of Erasmus of Rotterdam, which strongly influenced Renaissance education in both Western and Eastern Europe.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lina Plau\u0161inaityt\u0117, Vilma Zubaitien\u0117
\nERG\u00c4NZUNGEN IM W\u00d6RTERBUCH VON JACOB BRODOWSKI (B): EINE FREMDWORTSCHICHT AUS DEM W\u00d6RTERBUCH VON BELEMNON (1728)
\nZusammenfassung<\/p>\n

Der vorliegende Aufsatz liefert einen Nachweis \u00fcber die Quelle der in der Erg\u00e4nzungsschicht des W\u00f6rterbuchs von Brodowski angef\u00fchrten Fremdw\u00f6rter. Es handelt sich dabei um das Fremdw\u00f6rterbuch Curi\u00f6\u017fes Bauern=LEXICON (1728) (weiterhin Bel), das von einem bisher nicht n\u00e4her identifizierbaren Autor unter dem Pseudonym Belemnon verfasst wurde.
\nAus Bel wurden ins Brodowskische W\u00f6rterbuch rund 300 Fremdw\u00f6rter (die entsprechenden Eintr\u00e4ge finden sich bis zur Mitte der Buchstabenstrecke H) samt Bedeutungserkl\u00e4rungen oder deutschen \u00c4quivalenten sowie gelegentlichen Ausspracheangaben \u00fcbernommen. Auf die Anf\u00fchrung der in den W\u00f6rterbuchartikeln von Bel gegebenen Informationen \u00fcber die verunstalteten Fremdwortformen sowie der Gebrauchsbeispiele daf\u00fcr hat Brodowski hingegen verzichtet. Allerdings wurden die Lemmata mit Bedeutungserkl\u00e4rungen ausnahmslos \u00fcbernommen. Einige wenige Auslassungen bzw. Abweichungen von der Quelle sind offenbar unbeabsichtigt gewesen. Nur in seltenen F\u00e4llen sind die \u00fcbernommenen W\u00f6rterbuchartikel durch litauische \u00c4quivalente erg\u00e4nzt.
\nDie meisten Fremdwortartikel aus Bel befinden sich in B in der f\u00fcr Erg\u00e4nzungen vorgesehenen Spalte am jeweiligen Seitenrand, wobei ihre Verteilung auf den Seiten wegen der Einhaltung der strikt alphabetischen Anordnung sehr ungleichm\u00e4\u00dfig ist. Einige Bedeutungserkl\u00e4rungen bzw. Synonyme sind jedoch als Erg\u00e4nzungen zu den bereits im Haupttext von B vorhandenen Lemmata fremder Herkunft eingetragen.
\nDie Aufnahme der Fremdw\u00f6rter ins W\u00f6rterbuch von Brodowski zeugt von dem Bestreben des W\u00f6rterbuchverfassers, ein universelles und die zeitgen\u00f6ssische sprachliche Situation widerspiegelndes W\u00f6rterbuch zu schaffen, welches der h\u00e4ufigen Verwendung des fremdsprachlichen Wortgutes in B\u00fcchern und Zeitungen und in der offiziellen sowie Handels- und Privatkorrespondenz Rechnung tr\u00e4gt. Die Fremdwortlisten im W\u00f6rterbuch von Brodowski k\u00f6nnen als ein fr\u00fcher Vorl\u00e4ufer eines litauischen Internationalismen-W\u00f6rterbuchs angesehen werden.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Birut\u0117 Tri\u0161kait\u0117
\nZUS\u00c4TZE VON FRIEDRICH SELLE IM HANDSCHRIFTLICHEN W\u00d6RTERBUCH CLAVIS GERMANICO-LITHVANA
\nZusammenfassung<\/p>\n

Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Frage der Zuschreibung einiger Zus\u00e4tze im deutsch-litauischen W\u00f6rterbuch Clavis Germanico-Lithvana (weiterhin C, nach 1680). Die Zus\u00e4tze in C stellen die j\u00fcngste Textschicht dar. Sie besteht aus Eintr\u00e4gen sp\u00e4terer W\u00f6rterbucheigent\u00fcmer und \/ oder -nutzer und unterscheidet sich durch Abweichungen bez\u00fcglich Handschrift und Tintenfarbe vom Text des W\u00f6rterbuchkompilators. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist die Zuschreibung einer kleinen Schicht von Zus\u00e4tzen, die bisher vorl\u00e4ufig als Hand C bezeichnet wurde, der Hand von Friedrich Selle (1658\u20131710), Pfarrer der deutschen Gemeinde in Tilsit und Erzpriester des Tilsitschen Sprengels. Zu diesem Zweck wurde die Handschrift der Zus\u00e4tze mit Autographen von Selle verglichen, die im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz zu Berlin in den Best\u00e4nden des Preu\u00dfischen Staatsarchivs in K\u00f6nigsberg gefunden wurden.
\nDer Feder von Selle k\u00f6nnen sicher sechs litauische illustrierende Beispiels\u00e4tze und deren deutsche Entsprechungen zugeordnet werden, die in f\u00fcnf W\u00f6rterbuchartikeln bei den Lemmata Au\u00dfwendig lernen, Du\u0364rffen, Gebu\u0364hren, Kommen und Pfla\u017fter angef\u00fchrt sind. Bei drei weiteren erg\u00e4nzten litauischen \u00c4quivalenten ist die Urheberschaft von Selle wahrscheinlich.
\nIn die H\u00e4nde von Selle ist C vermutlich in Tilsit gelangt. Das W\u00f6rterbuch kann Selle, als Erzpriester zu Tilsit und Inspektor der dortigen Provinzialschule, m\u00f6glicherweise vom Kompilator von C zur Bewertung zur Verf\u00fcgung gestellt worden sein. Andererseits ist die M\u00f6glichkeit nicht auszuschlie\u00dfen, dass Selle das W\u00f6rterbuch, genau wie die ehemals dem Kompilator von C geh\u00f6rende Erstausgabe des Gesangbuches von Daniel Klein Naujos giesmju knygos (K\u00f6nigsberg, 1666) vom Pfarrer von Joneykischken, Georg Heinrich Elbinger, erhalten hat. Unzweifelhaft ist, dass Selles Zus\u00e4tze zwischen 1687 und 1710 zu datieren sind. Somit war Selle einer der ersten Leser, vielleicht auch Eigent\u00fcmer der Handschrift.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Giedrius Suba\u010dius
\nORDER AND DISORDER OF THE VOWELS IN THE LITHUANIAN ALPHABET: A HISTORICAL LOOK AT THE CREATION OF LITHUANIAN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
\nSummary<\/p>\n

1. In the first half of the 19th century the diacritical letters marking vowel sounds were rarely employed in word initial position in the head word in a Lithuanian dictionary, and if occurring, their appearance was quite unsystematic. The authors in Lithuania Major did not use the diacritical \u02c2\u0116\u02c3 at all, although it was present in the dictionary of Kristijonas Milkus (1800) from Lithuania Minor. Dominykas Sutkevi\u010dius wrote the diacritical \u02c2\u0104\u02c3 interchangeably with the plain \u02c2A\u02c3 (1835). Diacritical \u02c2\u012e\u02c3 (in the shape of \u02c2\u0197\u02c3) was included in the \u02c2I\u02c3 section both by Milkus and Sutkevi\u010dius. Ambraziejus Pabr\u0117\u017ea alone separated \u02c2\u0104\u02c3 and \u02c2\u0118\u02c3 under individual headings (in accordance with the alphabetical order of Polish; 1834).
\nBecause of the traditional lack of a distinction between the capital letters \u02c2I\u02c3 and \u02c2J\u02c3, the words containing sounds [i] and [j] in word initial position most often were merged into a single list, and the sign \u02c2I\u02c3 was used to represent both of them (Milkus, Pabr\u0117\u017ea, Sutkevi\u010dius, and the anonymous author of an Eastern Highland Dictionary). Stanevi\u010dius alone (1823) separated sounds [i] and [j] and formed two separate lists for the two distinct letters \u02c2I\u02c3 and \u02c2J\u02c3.
\nAccording to the practice of many alphabets based on the Latin alphabet, everyone was inserting the Greek \u02c2Y\u02c3 at the end of the alphabet (in the penultimate or in the adjacent to penultimate position): Milkus, Stanevi\u010dius, Pabr\u0117\u017ea, Sutkevi\u010dius, and the author of the Eastern Highland Dictionary.
\nGenerally, the tendency to maintain the traditional order of the Latin alphabet was obvious: the rarity of diacritical letters in a register, the merger of \u02c2I\u02c3 and \u02c2J\u02c3, and the separate status of \u02c2Y\u02c3 at the end of the alphabet. At the same time, the occasional appearance of diacritical marks reveal a certain novelty absent from Latin: \u02c2\u0117, \u0197\u02c3 by Milkus, \u02c2\u0104, \u0197\u02c3 by Sutkevi\u010dius, and \u02c2\u0104, \u0118\u02c3 by Pabr\u0117\u017ea.
\n2. Ferdinand Nesselmann attempted a reform of the alphabet (1851); according to his newly invented order instead of the letters he had arranged the sounds of Lithuanian (for instance, Nesselmann wasn\u2019t allocating any alphabetical position to the \u201cmute\u201d mark of palatalization \u02c2i\u02c3; it was written but \u201cinvisible\u201d for the compiler of a dictionary list). Nesselmann was the first to advance the Greek \u02c2Y\u02c3 in the alphabetical order and to place it side by side with the letter \u02c2I\u02c3; he also erased the distinction of alphabetical position between \u02c2I\u02c3 and \u02c2Y\u02c3. Nesselmann\u2019s argument was that \u02c2I\u02c3 and \u02c2Y\u02c3 in Lithuanian sounded very much alike. And his relocation of \u02c2Y\u02c3 persists into the modern Lithuanian alphabet.
\n3. In a few of publications (1856, 1857, 1865) August Schleicher demonstrated his support for the merger of Nesselmann\u2019s \u02c2I, Y\u02c3 (along with \u02c2\u0197\u02c3) and afterwards many followers appeared: Frydrichas Kur\u0161aitis (1883), Vincas Kudirka (1890), Mykolas Mie\u017einis (1894), Jonas Ju\u0161ka (1897), Antanas Lalis (1915), Jonas Jablonskis (1922), Kazimieras B\u016bga (1924), Juozas Bal\u010dikonis (1941). Beside the merger of \u02c2I, \u012e, Y\u02c3, all of these authors also fused the alphabetical position of diacritical letters for vowels with the plain ones in the groups of \u02c2A, \u0104\u02c3, \u02c2E, \u0118, \u0116\u02c3, \u02c2U, \u0172, \u016a\u02c3.
\n4. But not everyone at once accepted such eradication of alphabetical significance for the diacritical letters for vowels and \u02c2Y\u02c3. In his dictionaries Jurgis \u0160lapelis (1921, 1938) singled out individual segments under the titles \u201c\u0104,\u201d \u201c\u0116,\u201c \u201cY,\u201d and \u201c\u012e.\u201d Arndtas Bu\u0161as and Theodoras Chomskas (1927) treated those letters analogously, only they put the segment for the Greek \u02c2Y\u02c3 after the diacritical \u02c2\u012e\u02c3. The Dictionary of the International Words (1936) moved the isolated section of the letter \u02c2Y\u02c3 atypically even further behind \u02c2J\u02c3. Also a distinct segment for the words with the initial \u02c2Y\u02c3 was present in The Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary (1938), only elsewhere inside the register the words were alphabetized according to the merged \u02c2Y\u02c3 value with \u02c2I\u02c3. All the authors of these works must have been intending to have an alphabet of letters instead of a blend of acoustic and graphic values.
\n5. During World War II and the Soviet period the order and alphabetical significance of the letters for vowels initiated by Nesselmann were in essence accepted, but their representation on the titles of dictionary segments varied. One tendency was preferred by linguists: to include every single letter in the titles regardless of its presence or absence in the word initial position (aim: codification of the sequence of all the letters) (cf. Orthographical Dictionary of Lithuanian 1948; Contemporary Dictionary of Lithuanian 1954, 1972). Another tendency was to register exclusively the letters really present in the word initial position (The Dictionary of the Botanical Terms 1965; The Dictionary of the International Words 1969). In the edition of Lithuanian Pseudonyms (2004) the compiler Jonas Ma\u010diulis followed both tendencies: the titles in the first volume are minimalistic, and in the second one\u2014quite thorough.
\n6. Such a comprehensive dictionary as the 20 volume Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (1956\u20132002) was the best place to discover the order within the groups of vowel letters \u02c2A, \u0104\u02c3, \u02c2E, \u0118, \u0116\u02c3, \u02c2I, \u012e, Y\u02c3, \u02c2U, \u0172, \u016a\u02c3, even if generally their inner sequence is ignored. Their order became relevant in the words that differ only in letters within one group (the words close to homographs), cf. tr\u00e8\u0161ti, tr\u0119\u0303\u0161ti, tr\u0117\u0303\u0161ti. It means that the compilers allocated an independent position even to the letters inside a group; as first came \u02c2a, e, i, u\u02c3, then \u02c2\u0105, \u0119, \u012f, \u0173\u02c3 were subordinated, and then \u02c2\u0117, y, \u016b\u02c3 followed. Identity of the context activated the inner group differences.
\nYet in even more complex cases, where the words close to homographs contained inner group variation not in a single but in two different positions, the compilers of Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language tended to disregard the first variable and to line up the words by the second (r\u1ebdtis, r\u0117\u0303tis, ret\u1ef9s, r\u0117t\u1ef9s were ordered according to the fourth position containing \u02c2i, y\u02c3 instead of basing the alphabetization on the second position of \u02c2e, \u0117\u02c3). The skills needed to identify the cases were not well developed most probably due to the exceptional rarity of such intricate examples even in this ample dictionary.
\nThree rules can be defined with respect to the need to turn on and off the alphabetical order of vowel letters within the groups: (1) if the words are different (far from being homographs), then the difference inside the groups \u02c2a, \u0105\u02c3, \u02c2e, \u0119, \u0117\u02c3, \u02c2i, \u012f, y\u02c3, \u02c2u, \u0173, \u016b\u02c3 is ignored (the basic rule); (2) if the words are close to homographs, the difference within a concrete group is turned on; (3) if the words are close to homographs and the variation occurs in more than one letter position, the difference inside the first group is turned on and inside the second\u2014ignored.
\nToday, according to the initial proposal by Nesselmann, the first basic rule treats the letters that mark vowel sounds according to acoustic phonetic features of sounds and not according to any visual graphical attributes of the letters. The alphabetical order of Lithuanian is therefore hybrid: the consonants and plain vowel letters are alphabetized letter by letter, but the diacritical letters for the vowels and \u02c2Y\u02c3 are alphabetized according to pronunciation.
\nInstead of disregarding the difference among the letters \u02c2A, \u0104\u02c3, \u02c2E, \u0118, \u0116\u02c3, \u02c2I, \u012e, Y\u02c3, \u02c2U, \u0172, \u016a\u02c3 (as in the first rule), the second and the third rule ignore the similarity of sound sequences [a, a\u0387], [e, e\u0387, e\u0324\u0387], [i, i\u0387], [u, u\u0387] and deal with the position of concrete letters (i.e., graphic signs). In the rare cases of the identical letter context within different words the Lithuanian alphabet switches to a different mode: for that moment it becomes a homogeneous collection of letters.<\/p>\n

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Jurgita Venckien\u0117
\nTHE ORTHOGRAPHY AND LANGUAGE OF JONAS MA\u010cIULIS-MAIRONIS\u2019 WRITINGS: THE DYNAMIC OF JAUNIUS\u2019 FOLLOWER
\nSummary<\/p>\n

The first books of Jonas Ma\u010diulis-Maironis were written and published in the last decades of the nineteenth century. At that time standard language norms had not yet been chosen and a few standard language models were competing: (1) that of Kazimieras Jaunius (the Catholic periodicals relied on it); (2) that of secular periodicals; and (3) that of Jonas Basanavi\u010dius. The paper discusses the linguistic attitudes of Maironis and their evolution, Maironis\u2019 response to the emerging norms of standard language. The research was based on Maironis\u2019 sermon manuscripts, history books, and poetry publications.
\nWhile studying in The Samogitian Theological Seminary in Kaunas, Maironis attended Kazimieras Jaunius\u2019 classes of Lithuanian. Maironis, being an ordinary seminarian, started to follow the model Jaunius delineated in his lectures. Thus, Maironis initially based himself on Jaunius\u2019 ideas of orthography and standardization in period of 1888\u20131891; his first book Apsakymai apie Lietuvos praeig\u0105 (1886 [1891]) attests to this.
\nMaironis\u2019 written language began to change somewhat as early as 1888. At the time he graduated from the seminary, Maironis stopped using Jaunius\u2019 grapheme \u02c2i\u0364\u02c3 [ie]; he ceased marking \u014f-stem nominal words in iness. sg. and pl. cases; and finally he changed the i-stem nom. pl. However, other features of surviving Maironis\u2019 manuscripts (the sermon and poetry compendium Lietuva) matched those in Apsakymai apie Lietuvos praeig\u0105.
\nIn 1895 publications (Terp skausmu \u012f Garb\u0119 and the poetry compendium Pavasario Balsai) Maironis modified: (1) the reflexive infinitive usage; (2) the orthography of nominal words gen. pl.; and (3) cond. 3 of verbs. He began rejecting Jaunius\u2019 forms and orthography earlier than other fellow seminarians. It was periodical press that may have had influence on him. But even with these changes Maironis\u2019 texts remain close to the Catholic clergy model, based on Jaunius\u2019 written standard language school.
\nMaironis increasingly followed the norms of Catholic and secular periodicals in the early twentieth century. In his scripts he introduced the characters he was earlier avoiding: \u02c2\u016b\u02c3, \u02c2\u010d\u02c3, \u02c2\u0161\u02c3, \u02c2uo\u02c3; also, he modified the orthography of nom. pl. of (i\u032f)\u014f stem nominal words. Thus, increasing influence of periodicals, both Catholic and secular, is evident.
\nThe Orthography of the (1) instr. sg.; (2) nom. pl.; and (3) instr. pl. was altered in 1905. In 1907 Maironis switched to the more consistent way of using the grapheme \u02c2\u016b\u02c3 [\u016b]. Thus, the norms of periodicals prevailed against Jaunius\u2019 model of the written standard language in the later writings of Maironis.<\/p>\n

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Nerijus \u0160epetys
\nLANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION IN SOVIET LITHUANIA: INSTITUTIONS, IDEOLOGY, SCIENCE
\nSummary<\/p>\n

Lithuania has already been an independent state for twenty-two years. Full-scale regulation of the \u201ccorrectness\u201d of the national language, however, still thrives here. The origins of such a situation may lie in Soviet language policy.
\nThe article presents primary results of archival research. Even though it is officially acclaimed that active standardization of Lithuanian in Soviet era was a secret struggle against Russification for the survival, certain facts can attest this was, at least initially, a product of the planned command economy, initiated or inspired by Moscow. This can be confirmed by the resolutions and work of the State Language Commission, which gradually was gaining power and control.
\nUnlike in pre-war Lithuania and the West European countries, where language norms are most often conceived as a product of usage, Soviet standardization of Lithuanian gave preference to systematicity of language dominated by scholars. The lingering contemporary approach of the need to centrally control all issues of standardization is an obvious and painful consequence of the Soviet ideology.<\/p>\n

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Reda Gri\u0161kait\u0117
\nEMILIA WR\u00d3BLEWSKA (1830-10-05\u20131886-12-23) DIARIES (1850-08-05\u20131886-09)
\nSummary<\/p>\n

Emilia Wr\u00f3blewska (or Emilia z Beniowskich Wr\u00f3blewska) is known mostly as the mother of the famous Vilnius (Rus. \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430, Pol. Wilno) lawyer and political activist Tadeusz Stanis\u0142aw Wr\u00f3blewski (1858\u20131925). Her name and that of her husband Eustachy Wr\u00f3blewski (1826\u20131891) \u2013 are immortalized in the name of the library which they founded in Vilnius in 1912, viz. the Eustachy and Emilia Wr\u00f3blewski Library (originally \u201cBiblioteka im. Eustachego i Emilii Wr\u00f3blewskich w Wilnie\u201d; now \u2013 the Wr\u00f3blewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; abbreviated here as \u2013 LMAVB ). Therefore this woman is usually mentioned only in publications devoted to the library or to her son Tadeusz Stanis\u0142aw Wr\u00f3blewski, and more recently to her son Augustyn Wr\u00f3blewski (1866 \u2013 after 1913) in biographical sketches or biographies. Rather more rarely is Wr\u00f3blewska named as the daughter of Bart\u0142omiej Beniowski (~1800\u20131867), a participant in the 1830\u20131831 insurrection or a person with close ties to her husband\u2019s nephew and ward Eustachy Wr\u00f3blewski, one of the leaders of the 1863\u20131864 uprising and later with Walery Wr\u00f3blewski (1836\u20131908) a general of the Paris Commune. Thus she is mostly mentioned in the context of the men in her life and the library named in her honor. Somewhat more rarely and also rather brief are comments on her pedagogical activity. The purpose of this article is to look more closely at the biography of this woman and her manuscript legacy. There is a good bit of material available for the reconstruction of Wr\u00f3blewska\u2019s life and creativity and it is now almost all saved in the LMAVB . Her son Tadeusz Stanis\u0142aw Wr\u00f3blewski, the founder of the Eustachy and Emilia Wr\u00f3blewski Library, took care of his mother\u2019s documentary legacy.
\nWr\u00f3blewska\u2019s creative manuscript legacy consists of literary works\u2014translations, poems, summaries of scientific and belles-lettristic books and her personal documentary legacy\u2014 diaries, letters, and an album of remembrances. The largest and most valuable is the diaristic legacy consisting of five notebooks (or fragments thereof) of her intimate journal and two journals written for her children. Like Wr\u00f3blewska\u2019s biography, her diaristic legacy has not been investigated until now. Before this neither gender investigators nor investigators of daily life had paid any attention to this diary. For such persons the fame of the individual is a fact of secondary significance. In scientific literature only fragmentarily is the diary written for her son Tadeusz Stanis\u0142aw Wr\u00f3blewski used.
\nThe chronological frame of Wr\u00f3blewska\u2019s diaries is from 1850 to 1886, thereby reflecting three phases of this woman\u2019s life: youth, maturity, and old age. There are a few digressions from which we can draw some conclusions about her childhood. In all Wr\u00f3blewska left 730 diary entries, of which three were written in London, 22 in Palanga (Rus. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043d; Germ. Polangen; Pol. Po\u0142\u0105ga) and all the rest, viz. 705 in Vilnius. The intensity of the entries reflects the intensity of the author. Therefore most of the entries were made while waiting for the birth of Tadeusz Stanis\u0142aw Wr\u00f3blewski in 1858: before her son\u2019s birth (October 27) this woman \u2018talked with her diary\u2019 123 times. Least of all she did this in the last year of her life (only once).
\nIn Wr\u00f3blewska\u2019s dairy there are few references to purely feminine matters. We find little about the every day intimate aspect\u2014pregnancy and birth. However, there are even fewer reflections of the external world, even of contemporary Vilnius, where she spent all of her conscious life. There is not much information about Palanga, although what she wrote is unique, since she talks about the poorly documented daily life of the resort at that time. On the pages of Wr\u00f3blewska\u2019s dairy there are not many of the famous people of that time except for the men of her family. Wr\u00f3blewska\u2019s intimate diary gives the woman\u2019s inner life, oriented to \u2018the writing of oneself,\u2019 such that in it predominates the subjective aspect of a woman\u2019s daily life\u2014her emotions, illusions, and personal problems. Therefore even the most important historical events, e.g., the 1863\u20131864 uprising are portrayed only on an emotional level. It is worthwhile to note that the diaries reflect poorly the well-known biographical facts of the diarist herself, facts known from official documents or reminiscences of contemporaries. The notion that Wr\u00f3blewska took part in secret instruction is not confirmed. The intimate dairies describe the biography of this woman only on the emotional level.
\nDiaries written for children make up a specific diary genre. These are so-called external diaries, but that is an expression of the parents\u2019 love and care for their children, showing their mutual personal contact, thus a unique source for the study of family history. Differently from the intimate Wr\u00f3blewska diary, diaries written for children are more concerned with life style. The longest and most famous was written to her son Tadeusz Stanis\u0142aw Wr\u00f3blewski. It would be hard to find another Lithuanian or Polish historical personage of such a rank, whom we could recognize in this manner\u2014through his mother and her diaries. Still from the historical perspective the most important thing in this diarist\u2019s legacy is information about her father Bart\u0142omiej Beniowski, one of the most interesting eccentric personalities of the first half of the 19th century, who left his traces not only in Lithuanian and Polish, but also in English and Irish history.
\nWr\u00f3blewska put herself forward as a representative of the noble class. On the other hand her daily life was connected neither with the live of the village nor the manor, but rather with the city. On the other hand the diarist\u2019s mother, husband and finally her own pedagogical activity obviously connected her with the growing social group\u2014the intelligentsia. All these complicated social changes are felt in this woman\u2019s experiences and her diaries.
\nFor a diary, differently from a letter, unity of themes and intonations is characteristic. The dominant theme of Wr\u00f3blewska\u2019s diaries is knowing herself, perfecting herself and testing herself in \u2018the profession\u2019 of a woman. In the pronouncements of this diarist there are not many signs of women\u2019s emancipation, but it is evident that she constantly stifled and weakened these feelings. Wr\u00f3blewska was called to science, books, and creativity. Most likely also to pedagogy, although she herself denied it saying that even for her own children she had not worked out any pedagogical system. The biographies of her sons Augustyn Wr\u00f3blewski and Kazimierz Wr\u00f3blewski (1872\u20131890) partially confirm this statement.
\nAccording to the generalities of theoretical historians, it is thanks to such sources that men of the past are given the freedom of self expression, they are liberated from the schemes established by historians and one can understand the everyday culture of that period of time from within du dedans. Wr\u00f3blewska\u2019s diaries, those of a woman living in Vilnius in the 19th century present such a possibility abundantly. Not less important is the aesthetic form allowing one to talk about the double\u2014historical and literary\u2014value of these first-person documents.<\/p>\n

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12\u201314 \u017eurnalo tom\u0173 leidyba remiama pagal Lietuvos mokslo tarybos remiam\u0105 projekt\u0105 (sut. nr. LIT-2-57) \/ The publishing of vol. 12\u201314 was funded by a grant (No. LIT-2-57) from the Research Council of Lithuania.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_tabs][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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